Возможно, ученые зафиксировали рождение самой маленькой черной дыры
Зрелищное слияние двух нейтронных звезд, которые породили гравитационные волны, зарегистрированное прошлой осенью, вероятно, кое-что скрывало: рождение черной дыры. Эта новорожденная черная дыра будет самой маломассивной черной дырой из всех, когда-либо найденных. Новый анализ рентгеновской обсерватории «Чандра» занял дни, недели и даже месяцы после обнаружения гравитационных волн обсерваторией LIGO в августе 2017 года.
В то время как почти каждый телескоп в распоряжении профессиональных астрономов наблюдал за источником GW170817, рентгеновские лучи «Чандры» сыграли важнейшую роль в понимании того, что произошло после столкновения двух нейтронных звезд.
Из данных LIGO астрономы сделали вывод, что масса объекта, возникшего в результате слияния нейтронных звезд, примерно в 2,7 раза превышает массу Солнца. Это ставит его идентичность под вопрос, подразумевая, что это либо самая массивная нейтронная звезда, либо самая легкая черная дыра из всех, когда-либо найденных. Предыдущие рекордсмены из последних имеют массу не мене чем в четыре или пять раз больше солнечной.
«Хотя нейтронные звезды и черные дыры — загадочные явления, мы изучили множество их по всей вселенной, используя телескопы вроде «Чандры», говорит Дэйв Пули из Университета Тринити в Сан-Антонио, штат Техас, автор работы. «Это значит, у нас есть и данные, и теории на тему того, как такие объекты должны вести себя в рентгеновском спектре».
Наблюдения «Чандры» говорят не только о том, что они показали, но и о том, чего не показали. Если бы нейтронные звезды слились и образовали более тяжелую нейтронную звезду, астрономы ожидали бы, что она будет быстро вращаться и создавать очень сильное магнитное поле. Это, в свою очередь, будет создавать расширяющийся пузырь высокоэнергетических частиц, который приведет к яркому рентгеновскому излучению. Но вместо этого данные «Чандры» показывают уровни рентгеновских лучей, которые в несколько сотен раз ниже того, что ожидается для быстро вращающейся нейтронной звезды и связанного с ней пузыря высокоэнергетических частиц, подразумевая, что вместо этого образуется черная дыра.
Если это подтвердится, станет известно одно: рецепт создания черной дыры иногда может быть не таким уж простым. В случае GW170817 потребовалось бы два взрыва сверхновой, которые оставили после себя две нейтронные звезды на тесных орбитах и гравитационно-волновое излучение, которое свело нейтронные звезды вместе.
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