Российские ученые создали сверхточный и долговечный «электронный нос»
Обоняние — поистине удивительное чувство. Оно позволяет не только ощущать запахи, но и при довольно развитых рецепторах (например, у собак) дает возможность отыскать опасные вещества. Не первый день ученые всего мира пытаются воссоздать высокочувствительный нос в виде электронного устройства, и недавно группе ученых из России удалось разработать самый точный на сегодняшний день электронный нос.
Сразу стоит отметить, что электронный нос кардинально отличается от газовых анализаторов. Последние могут лишь отличать определенные вещества, а вот носы — это устройства для распознавания широкого класса химических веществ. Они могут не просто различать запахи, но и запоминать новые благодаря машинному обучению.
«Тренировка» электронного носа почти ничем не отличается от дрессировки собак: компьютеру, оборудованному сенсорами, демонстрируется нужный запах, который закрепляется за определенным обозначением в базе данных. Более того, запоминается «образ» запаха, и впоследствии он может быть не только выделен в ряде других, но и сопоставлен с похожими. При необходимости новый запах отмечается и осуществляется его сопоставление с подобными, образуя перекрёстные запахи одного вида (например, запахи цветов). Но в отличие от «природного» носа электронный часто «путается» вне лаборатории. Как поясняет один из авторов работы Виктор Сысоев, профессор Саратовского государственного технического университета,
«Дело в том, что сенсоры нестабильны, и их показания дрейфуют со временем. Потому нужны стабильные сенсоры, избегающие дрейфа. Мы продемонстрировали, как подойти к этой проблеме на примере электронного носа, основанного на мультисенсорной матрице из оксида металла».
Обычные высокочувствительные сенсоры на основе нановолокон могут безошибочно распознавать запахи только пару недель, после чего требуют перекалибровки. А вот эксперты из СГТУ использовали иной подход.
«Мы выяснили, что стабильность электронного носа зависит в основном от случайных изменений состава окружающего воздуха, а ввод процедуры дообучения носа обеспечивает его стабильность на протяжении многих лет. Более того, мы впервые доказали способность прибора функционировать более восьми лет. Такой результат еще не демонстрировал ни один из созданных искусственных носов».
В том случае, если окончательная фаза испытаний увенчается успехом, ученые смогут создать «идеальный» электронный нос, который может быть использован для анализа газовых сред и выявления различных запахов.
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