Похоже, собаки могут «видеть» своими мощными носами
Собаки обладают потрясающим обонянием, но ученые долгое время не могли понять, могут ли наши братья меньшие связывать аромат или запах с физическим объектом. Новые исследование говорит, что это, скорее всего, правда, и что собаки формируют мысленную картину цели в голове, когда берут след на запах. Для людей видеть — это очень важно. Собаки, напротив, больше полагаются на свое чувство запаха и слуха, чтобы собирать информацию о мире вокруг них. У них не самое лучшее зрение: острота в четыре-восемь раз хуже нашей. Более того, их линия зрения находится всего в нескольких сантиметрах от земли (в зависимости от породы), поэтому их горизонт очень усеченный. И, вопреки популярному мифу, собаки не видят мир черно-белым, они просто не различают желтые, красные и зеленые объекты.
Но их качество зрения компенсируется мощными носами и ушами. Собаки обладают прекрасным слухом, могут улавливать частоты между 40 и 60 кГц, в то время как ухо человека слышит в пределах 12-20 кГц. Собаки имеют больше 18 мускулов в каждом ухе, что позволяет им независимо ориентировать их как блюдца радара; собаки могут слышать звуки в четыре раза дальше, чем люди.
И есть еще замечательное обоняние. Собаки имеют высокоспециализированный орган в носу, снабженный 300 миллионами обонятельных рецепторов. У них также есть обонятельный орган в мозгу, который в 40 раз больше нашего. Конечным результатом является чувство запаха, которое в 10 000 раз мощнее, чем у нас. «Если провести аналогию со зрением, что видите вы и что вижу я на расстоянии в 300 метров, собака может видеть за 4500 километров и очень даже хорошо», говорит Джеймс Уолкер из Университета штата Флорида.
Все это очень хорошо известно, но мы понятия не имеем, как обонятельная информация обрабатывается и интерпретируется в голове собаки, в ее мозге. Проще говоря, мы не знаем, понимают ли собаки, что запах исходит от «хорошего/желанного» или «плохого/нежеланного». Ученые не смогли доказать, что собаки воспринимают запахи определенных объектов, как бы странно это ни звучало.
«Думаю, именно об этом думают многие владельцы собак, когда слышат о нашем новом исследовании», говорит Джулиана Брауэр, ведущий автор новой работы, опубликованной в Journal of Comparative Psychology. «Мы — люди — предполагаем, что у собак есть картинка, но не знаем этого наверняка. Толкование бихевиористов будет заключаться в том, что собаки воспринимают запах как стимул. Мы попытались показать, что собаки на самом деле ожидают найти нечто определенное, когда следуют за запахом».
Как показало новое исследование, собаки не просто оценивают запах как «положительный» или «отрицательный». Работая в Институте науки о человеческой истории Макса Планка, Брауэр провела эксперименты, которые показали, что собаки создают мысленное представление о цели, когда следуют за запахом.
Для эксперимента команда Брауэр испытала 25 собак, которые предварительно обучались как собаки-снифферы на службе полиции для поисковых и спасательных операций, а также 23 необученных домашних собаки. Каждой собаке дали в пару две знакомых игрушки, которые она хотела бы получить. Ученые задали один из двух возможных сценариев для собак: следуя по следу за запахом одной из двух игрушек, собаки либо находят соответствующую игрушку (нормальный сценарий), либо другую (неожиданный исход). Каждая собака участвовала в одном из двух экспериментов из четырех испытательных забегов.
В условиях нормального сценария собаки не делали ничего необычного. Но в неожиданном сценарии собаки приходили к игрушке и колебались — короткая пауза, словно говорящая «что за фигня?». Другими словами, они искали конкретный объект и были удивлены, обнаружив другой. После колебания, однако, они возвращались к поиску объекта, который соответствовал запаху.
«Хотя они определенно замечали игрушку, они продолжали искать запах, вероятно, из-за игрушки, которая использовать для создания следа», говорит Брауэр. Это наводит на мысль, что после того, как собака берет след, у нее в сознании формируется мысленная картина конкретной игрушки.
Удивительный эффект был наиболее заметным в первом раунде и ослабевал с каждым последующим. Полицейские и поисково-спасательные собаки возвращали предметы быстрее, чем необученные (как и ожидалось), но к четвертому и финальному раунду все они доставали объекты с равным мастерством. Важно отметить, что «эффект неожиданности» наблюдался в обеих группах.
Что важно, это поведенческое исследование, и ученые не могут быть полностью уверены, что собаки действительно формируют представление целевого объекта в своем сознании и вместо этого ориентируются на объект или поведение по другим факторам.
«Мне сложно представить, каково это — быть собакой и воспринимать мир главным образом через нос, поэтому сложно создать подходящее исследование, которое могло бы ответить на все наши вопросы», признается Брауэр. Другие исследователи, по ее словам, должны исследовать связи между восприятием запаха, поисковым поведением и познанием, чтобы получить более четкое представление о том, что делают собаки.
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